Background: Water pipe tobacco smoking is used as a traditional way of smoking, but its ascending trend and increasing consumption has become a global phenomenon, which has been associated with increased consumption of fruity or flavored tobaccos. Given the students’ increasing tendency in this regard, this study aimed to explore the medical students’ tendency toward using waterpipe tobacco smoking.Methods: This is a qualitative study using a semi-structured interview with 16 medical students in Southeastern Iran (Zabol) from January to May 2020. The data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach.Results: Data analysis led to the extraction of 4 themes of “cultural/ family roots”, “individual roots”, “attraction of tobacco flavor and water pipe”, and “misconception about health risks of water pipe tobacco smoking”.Conclusion: Waterpipe tobacco smoking has increased among students for leisure and entertainment. Given that waterpipe tobacco smoking is the basis for entering various opioid addictions and cigarettes, it needs more attention to students from the academic side of principals and families. It is recommended that national and academic authorities should consider the issues that attract the students toward water pipe tobacco smoking.

Background: Today, conducting research is among the most important skills in medical sciences, and plays a significant role in terms of improving students’ learning and their career prospects. This study aimed to evaluate the research factors in the curriculum of paramedical faculty at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd, Iran. Methods: The statistical population included the students at the paramedical faculty at Shahid Sadoughi University of medical sciences in 2019. Simple random sampling was applied and 224 students were selected. The research instrument was a researchermade questionnaire. Its validity was determined based on the opinions of professors and experts, and its reliability was measured at 0. 87 using Cronbach’ s alpha. Results: From the paramedical students’ viewpoints, a number of research factors in the curriculum like individual factors (1. 70), motivational factors (2. 05), service delivery factors (2. 11), and cultural administrative factors (1. 78) are not in a favorable situation (P<0. 05). Besides, in terms of prioritization, the service delivery factors of research in the curriculum have the greatest importance, and the individual factors have the least importance. Conclusion: The authorities, curriculum planners, and medical practitioners must take the necessary measures to enhance the presence of research factors in the curriculum of paramedical students.

Introduction: The number of people demanding orthodontic treatment for their psychosocial problems related to facial aesthetic is growing. The aim of this study was to evaluate tendency, motivation, and barriers of orthodontic treatment in patients referred to orthodontic offices in Rasht in 2018. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 171 adults over 20 years of age who referred to orthodontic clinics in Rasht in 2018. The data collection tool was a questionnaire designed based on other studies. The questionnaire consisted of 16 questions and three parts: personal characteristics, motivation for using orthodontics treatments, and questions about motivations, main obstacles, and the main causes of using orthodontic treatments. Results: The level of motivation and tendency for orthodontic treatment was high. There was a direct and significant relationship between motivation and tendency to orthodontic treatment (p<0. 001). Encouraging one to decide about orthodontic treatment was the first priority. Regarding common problems, the first problem was about the appearance after the treatment, and the second problem was the problems of chewing and eating which takes longer in these patients. Conclusion: The motivation toward orthodontic treatment was high. The first motivation for seeking treatment was dissatisfaction with one’, s appearance and demanding a better appearance. The main orthodontic obstacles were high costs and visible orthodontic appliances.